The MSM routine (Mirror, Signal, Manoeuvre) is a core driving principle taught to learner drivers. While it may seem simple, using it correctly and consistently is essential for safety, good habits, and test success.
Below is a full guide—including what MSM means in real driving, how examiners expect to see it, common mistakes, and how to use an enhanced version (e.g. MSPSL) when appropriate.
🚦 Why MSM Matters
- The examiner expects you to apply the MSM routine constantly, not just at junctions or manoeuvres.
- It ensures that before any change in direction or speed, you’re aware of what’s happening around you.
- Consistent use helps prevent collisions, improves anticipation, and forms good driving habits.
- Failure to use MSM correctly—even occasionally—can lead to test faults or a fail.
🧭 The MSM Sequence Explained
Here’s the step-by-step logic when using MSM:
- Mirror
- Check your rear-view mirror and side mirror to assess traffic behind and on your side.
- Also glance at the interior mirror (if relevant) before signalling or manoeuvring.
- Signal
- Indicate what direction you intend to go (left, right, or even slowing down) in time.
- Avoid signalling too early or too late—do it when surrounding traffic would benefit from the information.
- Manoeuvre
- This means the actual action: turning, changing lanes, overtaking, or slowing.
- Some instructors expand “Manoeuvre” into PSL (Position, Speed, Look), especially for more complex moves.
Note: “Manoeuvre” isn’t just about direction change—it also covers speed changes (e.g. decelerating), especially when entering traffic or adjusting within traffic flow.
🛠 Enhanced Routine: MSPSL
For more complex situations (multi-lane roads, overtaking, roundabouts), many instructors use MSPSL:
- Mirror
- Signal
- Position
- Speed
- Look
This version helps you plan lane position and speed before executing the manoeuvre. It’s especially helpful when juggling multiple tasks (lane changes, exit planning, etc.).
🧠 Instructor Insight
From my teaching experience:
“I tell learners that MSM isn’t just for junctions—it’s your mindset. Before every change, even a small steering or speeding change, run your mirror → signal → manoeuvre in your mind first. Over time it becomes automatic.”
“When training, I often call out ‘mirror!’ or ‘signal!’ at random moments to test whether learners have internalised it, not just memorised when to do it.”
Practice applying MSM even when conditions feel safe—this builds the reflex.
⚠️ Common Mistakes Learners Make
| Mistake | What Happens | How to Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| Signalling too late | Other drivers can’t anticipate your move | Give signal with enough time before manoeuvre |
| Forgetting to check mirrors again before manoeuvre | You may miss a fast-moving vehicle or cyclist | Re-check mirrors just before making the move |
| Moving before your signal cancels | Confusing to other road users | Let the indicators cancel or cancel manually after moving |
| Focusing only one mirror | May miss hazards from another direction | Always do a full mirror check (rear, side) |
| Focusing on only one mirror | It becomes mechanical and less reliable under pressure | Practice in real traffic conditions to make it instinctive |
📋 MSM Application Checklist
- Before any turn, lane change, overtake, or speed change: Mirror → Signal
- Re-check mirrors before manoeuvring
- Use correct timing for your signal (not too early, not too late)
- Position your vehicle appropriately (if using MSPSL)
- Control your speed smoothly
- Look ahead during and after the manoeuvre
- Cancel your indicator only after completing the manoeuvre, or it will cancel automatically
❓ FAQs
Q: Can I skip “signal” in MSM if there’s no other traffic?
A: No—always signal when changing direction or lanes, regardless of traffic presence. It’s part of the test expectations and safe driving.
Q: When is MSPSL preferred over MSM?
A: In more complex scenarios: multi-lane roads, overtaking, roundabouts, lane changes mid-journey. MSPSL gives extra structure to handle position and speed elements.
Q: What if I need to slow down (not stop or turn)?
A: Use MSM: mirror → signal (if appropriate) → manoeuvre (reduce speed). Even deceleration is a manoeuvre under MSM.
📚 Attribution & Official Guidance
Some information here is adapted from DVSA / Highway Code guidance on driving routines and observation practices. FQ Driving Academy is not affiliated with DVSA. For official reference, review The Highway Code rules on signalling and changing direction, and DVSA driver training materials.
